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Candombe

Ze'ele Wikipiidiya
Candombe
music genre, type of dance
Subclass ofLatin American folk music, music of Uruguay, South American folk dance, Rioplatense music Demese
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Demese
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00182, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00182, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00182 Demese

Candombe de la yuuma la wa’asi n ze’ele Uruguay, Afrika yamesi sԑba n boi fai la tuusum puan na. 2009 yuunԑ la puan ti United Nations Educational, Scientific ta pa’asԑ buuri malem tigera (UNESCO) pa’alԑ ti candombe n la Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[1] Ta zɔԑ tole fii, candombe de la sԑla ti ba Argentina, Paraguay, la Brazil puan. Gee Argentina tiŋa puan, fu wan ta’am nyԑ di la Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Paraná, la Corrientes. Gee ti Paraguay tiŋa puan mԑ, buuri malema ana kɔ’ɔm kelum ita mԑ Camba Cuá la Fernando de la Mora near Asunción tiŋa puan. Brazil tiŋa puan, candombe kelum zala buuri malema ana la mԑ, fu mԑ wan ta;am nyԑ ŋwana wa la Minas Gerais tiŋa puan. Uruguayan yuun ana wa, ze’eti la buŋmԑ’ԑla tɔka tɔka batã puan na n de: chico, repique, la piano drums. Ba de’ene n la Gɔnfuko ŋmarega carnival in Montevideo at dance parades saŋa la ti ba yi’ira ti llamadas la desfile inaugural del carnaval.

Origins

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Common origins

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George Reid Andrews yeti, nԑresabega tuusum yizutɔ la n boi  Latin America tiŋa puan la, pooren 19th century yuuma la tiŋasuka ti nԑresabepaalesi la yuum pɔsԑ basera candombe yesera European wa’asi la n de wuu waltz, schottische, la mazurka.[2] Do la yelepaale ana wa, Uruguayans yuum pɔsԑ togesa kiresegɔ la n kini se’em la.ba yuum yi’ire ba mԑŋa la Los Negros, (upper class porteños) 1860s la 1870s yuuma la puan, gee yuum ita (blackface) gee nyaa yuum ita (carnival processions) yuuni woo puane.

African la Uruguayans duma yuum lagese la candombe wa’asi Alahidaare woo la dabezasi woo puan ti la dԑna ba New Year's Eve, Christmas, Saint Baltasar, Rosary Virgin la Saint Benito. Ba ni iŋԑ la bugum maale ba buŋmԑ’ԑla gee nyaa ni ŋmԑ’ԑra candombe yuuma, yele yele wuu yu’uŋɔ zi’isi sesi n de wuu Barrio Sur la Palermo Montevideo puan.

Sԑba n wa’are la wan tari solemipԑԑlega ti a deni nԑŋa daana yamene tuuma saŋa sa la Montevideo tiŋa pua. La yuum de la zԑԑsi vom aŋa ti ba yuum ti ba yese ba mԑŋa sia yԑla puansin gee ta’am tira African tiŋa pɔsega zi’a (origins).

1913 yuuni la puan, wa’a tuusum yԑla n de sԑla ti ba bisera bagera dԑna "Viejo Tanguero" ("Old Tangoer") Ba yuum gulese ŋwana wa la 1877 yuuni la puan yesera tiŋɔŋɔ maalegɔ puan n ze’ele dԑna tango gee ba nyԑti puti’ira wa ze’eta la candombe. Wa sina wa, pooren ti a ta wa’ana ti ba mina e ti a dԑna  "soft tango," African Argentines duma yuum maale e.[3][4][5][6]

1883 yuuni la gulesegɔ puan, se’em n mi wa’a la gee kelum dԑna folklorist Ventura Lynch yuum pa’alԑ Afro-Argentine wa’areba ti ba dԑna compadritos puan ("tough guys") se’em ti saŋa zo’e zo’e Afro-Argentine wa’a zi’isi la. Lynch yuum gulese ti, "de milonga de la wa’a ti compadritos duma ma’a wa’ara tiŋa la puan, ti ba maale e ti a dԑna zԑԑsԑ wa’asi (mockery) ti nԑresabesi ita ba mesi tinsi puansin la". Lynch's yuum bo lahibaare doose Robert Farris Thompson Tango n yuum pa’alԑ mi gee se’em la:[7] Nɔŋeri vuuri compadritos wa’aei la milonga, gee dagi (rural gauchos). Thompson basԑ ti la niԑ peelumi ti nԑresԑba za’a n wa’are milonga tiŋa la puan la ta’am lagum dԑna nԑresabesi la mulattoes, bala wan suŋԑ ti wa’asi la za’a ka de ni zԑԑsԑ wa’asi  La kan de ni zԑԑsԑ wa’a ti wa’are la za’a wa’ara.[8]

Argentina tiŋa puan

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candombe buuri ze’ele la nananewa dabesere Angola, n yuum boi ti ba dikԑ kiŋԑ South America 17th la 18th centuries yuuma la puan do la nԑresԑba ti yuum dikԑ koose ti ba dԑna yamesi la kingdom of Kongo, Anziqua, Nyong, Quang tinsi puan la tinsi zo’e zo’e laand, gee ba yuum kɔ’ɔm dԑna la Portuguese yamesi. Buuri malema kana nuu n yuum zԑ candombe colonized Brazil (yele yele wuu Salvador de Bahia zi’isi sesi), Cuba, la Río de la Plata ta pa’asԑ Buenos Aires la Montevideo tinkãra la puan. Tuusum n boi ka tɔka gee yuum nyԑ zamesegɔ tinsԑna puan la yuum yese mԑ ba n ze’ele zi’an la puan na, nyaa bo yɔ’ɔ ti magesa tɔka tɔka nyaa kԑ pa’asԑ.

African duma yuum dagi saama bo Argentina, zi’an ti candombe yuum nyԑ zo’ore la, la yԑla n kɔ’ɔm bɔna a tɔka. African nԑresabesi yamesi wa yuum zo’e bɔna Buenos Aires tiŋa puan kɔ’ɔm ze’ele1580 yuuma la puan sa. Gee, miscegenation la solemipԑԑlega n yuum kɔ’ɔm zo’ora pa’asa la (Argentina yuum to’e la 6 million European immigrants) la (structural racism) (magese wuu state-sponsored blanqueamiento policies) tari paԑ progressive invisibilization n de Afro-Argentine population[9].[10]

Buenos Aires puan, sansԑka ti zuto bayi n de Juan Manuel de Rosas, la yuum de la naana “afroporteños” (nԑresabega n de Buenos Aires) ti a tum bii a wa candombe tiŋɔŋɔ la peelumi, gee inkpegere ti Rosas la apɔyua yuum yuum kiŋԑ ta bise, Manuela. Ba yuum yaŋԑ Rosas Caseros zabere puan 1852 yuuni la puan, gee Buenos Aires pɔsԑ la paŋa ti a maam maleke buuri yԑla belam ti a nyԑ yԑla zo’e zo’e n boi European buuri malema puan. sɔsekana wa puan, ti afroporteños yuum maam maleke yaaba buuri malema la n doose se’em ti la dԑna ba mԑŋa vom yԑla.  Ŋwana wa zuo, ti fu san bisera kɔ’ɔm ze’ele 1862 yuuni la puan, gɔnɔ la lahibaare duma (the press),a mi gɔnɔ duma (intellectuals) la politicians yuum pɔsԑ ti ba basԑ ti ba tari putiyooro yesera Afro-Argentine niԑ peelumi gee ti yele n ani suŋa wan yese (imagination) la puan gee nԑrawoo n boi  bii n ze’ele Argentina wan bɔna fai.[11]

Nԑresԑba n ԑԑrԑ bisera yԑla ti ba yi’ira (researchers) sakiya ti Candombe, Milonga maalegɔ puan, de la nimmu’ure yԑla n pa’alԑ Argentine tango pɔsega. Yuuma wa ta naԑ la magesa wa  la ve’ere la nԑreba, yele yele wuu "Sureña Milonga". Kelum pa’asԑ, tango, milonga la candombe ze’ele la (musical triptych) gee kelum ze’ele African tuusum puan nuu na, gee ba zo’ore n tum bɔna yima yima.[12]

Pɔsega puan, Candombe itegɔ puan nԑresabesi yuum ka pa’asԑ bini, ba yuum maleke la zi’a ti ba yi’ira ti “Tangós”. Yelebire wa saŋa kayima ni ze’ele la 19th century yuuni la puan yelebire n de "Tango", sankana sa la gee dagi a nananewa vuure. Zina wa, candombe kelum de’eŋo ti Afro-Argentine duma kelum de’ena la nԑresԑba n dagi nԑresabesi Argentina tiŋa puan za’a. Corrientes Province, candombe is part of the religious feast of San Baltasar, a folk patron saint for Black Argentines.[13]

Uruguay tiŋa puan

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Yelebire wa candombe ze’ele la Kikongo ti yelebire la vuure de la sԑla n ze’ele bo nԑresabega "pertaining to blacks," Buenos Aires duma yuum tara n tuna ti de la dԑna nԑrba lagesegɔ wa’asi  dԑna nԑreba n ze’ele African diaspora la ba tuusum duma. A yuum wa’ana kɔ’ɔm ze’ele bo wa’asi la za’a, ba yuum dikԑ yele wa la Uruguay tiŋa puan. [14]Uruguay tiŋa puan, candombe naԑ mԑ la African duma buuri malema la ba wa’asi zo’e zo’e dikԑ ba iŋԑ (complex choreography). Tigera wa bii itegɔ tari la paŋa, la kiresego duma zo’e zo’e n boi ti la makԑ ma’a ‘suit’,[15]

Nananewa (Present)

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Argentina tiŋa puan

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Pooren, ti nԑresԑba n maale yԑla ti yi’ira ti (artists) yuum tari genre wa’am ba tuuma la puan na, gee me yuum kelum maalԑ tigera la NGOs n de Afro-descendants, ti la dԑna Misibamba Association, Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires Community. However, la de la nimmu’ure ti fu mina ti Uruguayan Candombe la ti ba ita de la sԑla Argentina tiŋa puan, ze’ele immigration tari paԑ Uruguay n de (seductiveness) magesa ti ba ita Argentines tiŋa puan. Ŋwana zuo la ba ni zamese yuuma la, wa’asi la, la sԑba za’a bo bini la gee mԑ ta’am maale sԑla n mԑ ŋwɔni bala. Uruguayan Candombe de la de’eŋo n boi ba kɔrum kɔruɔ la puasin , n de San Telmo, Montserrat and La Boca.

Gee ti Argentine duma n yuum tari daamseto la boi la tɔka tɔka (la daamseto n yuum wa’am Uruguay tiŋa puan la), African nԑresabese pɔsega zi’an la sigere la tiŋa, ba gԑrekԑ mԑ la saampԑԑlesi la (white immigrants) gee ti ba mԑ yuum gu’ura carnival duma do la n sɔi mԑŋa niŋa duma la paun (dictatorship). Afroargentine Candombe duma ma’a n de’eni Afro-Argentines ba mesi yԑa puansin, la mԑ kɔ’ɔm bɔna (outskirts) n de Buenos Aires.

Nananewa, doose ba n tee Afro-Argentines yԑla ti  ba ze’ele zian ka nyԑti la kiŋԑ zi’an n nyԑti la, see ti ba nyԑ paŋa pa’asԑ ta’am tum bii wa tiŋɔŋɔ la bii nԑreba n zo’e zi’an la sadotɔ zuto.[16]La tigera sԑba n ŋmԑ’ԑrԑ bii de’ena Afroargentine Candombe de la: “Tambores del Litoral” (union of “Balikumba” ze’ele Santa Fe, la “Candombes del Litoral” ze’ele Parana, Entre Ríos), “Bakongo” (ba wa za’a waabi tari ba lɔgerɔ bigere zi’an mԑ), de “Comparsa Negros Argentinos” la "Grupo Bum Ke Bum (ba yi la za’a ze’ele Asociación Misibamba). Pooren ba yi la za’a boi la Gran Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires tiŋa kɔrum kɔrum za’a).

Uruguay tiŋa puan

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1960s yuuma la pooren tari paԑ 1970s yuuma pɔsega la puan candombe yuum gireke mԑ la (elements) ze’ele 60s pop yuuma la bissa nova ti ba maalԑ genre bunpaalega se’em ti ba yi;ira ti candombe beat. Genre kana wa pɔsega zi’an bii n yum ze’el zi’an na yeti ba ta’am tum Eduardo Mateo, la Uruguayan yuunyuuna , yuungulesa la yuunyuuna ta pa’asԑ la yuunyuunԑba n de Jorge Galemire. Jaime Roos n yuum tɔgesԑ aŋa wa gee mԑ yuum bo Jorge Drexler inkpemesegɔ . yuunyuuneba magese wuu Diego Janssen la Miguel del Aguila de sԑba n tari candombe classical genres, jazz, blues la milonga.

Instruments la musical features

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Uruguayan candombe

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2009 yuuni la puan nԑresԑba n yuum ze’ele dԑna Representative bo UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List, candombe de la zi’an ti ba nyԑta ya’anԑ gee mԑ kelum dԑna daalum bɔ’ɔra Afika duma tinsi la vorege siŋԑ Montevideo tiŋa puan la, ti nԑrepuulegɔ tuusum la yuum to’e tigere la, gee yuum kelum ԑԑra ba yizuto sum, ba imma’asum yԑla tɔgera bɔ’ɔra ba sɔyaabeduma

Candombe yuuma lunŋmԑ’ԑreba tigera n yuum wa’are ba, ba yi’ire ba la cuerda. Barrel-shaped lusi la aŋa, bii tamboriles, tari la yu’ure n kɔ’ɔm bɔna doose la ba aŋa n la ba itegɔ puan:.

·        chico, Pika (small), voole n boi saazuon (high timbre), tuna ti la dԑna ‘rhythmic pendulum’

·        repique, medium, embellishes candombe's rhythm la improvised phrases

·        piano, bɔbekãra (largest size), a itegɔ ŋwɔni mԑ la ‘upright bii electric bass’.

Ba yi’ire luŋ-kãra la bajo bii bombo (kãtԑkãtԑ ‘very large’, voole n boi tiŋa nuuren ‘very low timbre’, ba n yi;ire gee ŋmԑ’ԑra yԑla se’em la), n yuum de sԑla ayima n boi gwana naana gee nananewa a tuuma sigere la tiŋa. A cuerda nananewa ba ԑԑrԑ la lunŋmԑ’ԑreba batã, ayima woo la a bɔŋa zi’a. Cuerda kãra ni tara la 50–100 lunŋmԑ’ԑreba, gee beene woo ni tara la lunŋmԑ’ԑreba banuu bii bayopɔi, bunŋmԑ’ԑla wa batã ni dikԑ naԑ la taaba. Beense’ere n de ba banuu ta’am dԑna piano-chico-repique-chico-piano, la beense’ere n tari repique-chico-piano-chico-repique la yԑla zo’e zo’e.

Tamboriles de la sԑla ti ba dikԑ dɔɔrɔ la dusi ganviisi n de ‘rope-tuned’ la ‘fire-tuned minutes’ gee ti wa’asi nyaa ni pɔsԑ. Ba ni yԑ ba basԑ la ba siisi puan la bɔgerɔ gambarԑ, ti ba yi’ira ti talig bii talí ba ni dibega ayima la nu’o kuyima ma’a ŋmԑ’ԑra.

Yelezuseko n kɔ’ɔm bɔna voole duma la n doose se’em candombe de la clave (in 3–2 form). Ba ni ŋmԑ’ԑra n la luŋa bɔberԑ diyima, do la sose’ere ti ba mina ti dԑna "hacer madera" (peelumi de la, dɔɔrɔ maalekɔ"making wood").

Master candombe drummers

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Tuulum yԑla la puan ‘traditional Montevidean’ voole duma la dea la: Cuareim, Ansina la Cordon. Sԑba n de lunŋԑ’ԑreba la nԑŋa duma la zo’e zo’e, sԑba n zalԑ Candombe ti la bɔna ti daaŋɔ kan maam paԑ yuumkɔbesi siyi ‘two hundred years’. Yele sԑba n boi la de la: Ansina sukuu puan: Wáshington Ocampo, Héctor Suárez, Pedro "Perico" Gularte, Eduardo "Cacho" Giménez, Julio Giménez, Raúl "Pocho" Magariños, Rubén Quirós, Alfredo Ferreira, "Tito" Gradín, Raúl "Maga" Magariños, Luis "Mocambo" Quirós, Fernando "Hurón" Silva, Eduardo "Malumba" Gimenez, Alvaro Salas, Daniel Gradín, Sergio Ortuño y José Luis Giménez.

Argentine Candombe

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Afro-Argentine Candombe de la de’eŋo ti ba tara bunŋmԑ’ԑla buuri buuri de’ena, budaasi ma’a n ŋmԑ’ԑrԑ ba. Bunŋmԑ’ԑla wa de la: “llamador” (ba mԑ kelum yi’ira n la "base", "tumba", "quinto" bii "tumba base"), la "repicador" (ba mԑ kelum yi’ira n la "contestador", "repiqueteador" bii "requinto"). Bunŋmԑ’ԑla yiadaana la de la se’em voole n ka zo’e la, buyi daana la de la se’em voole n zo’e gee mԑ ana ŋwana suŋa. Bunŋmԑ’ԑla bayi n boi: ayima tari yoko one, gee ti ba iŋԑ sԑba mԑ la dɔɔrɔ n kpԑ’ԑm bii tara paŋa.

Yia luŋa la ba ni dikԑ yagelԑ la bɔgerɔ zuo gee ŋmԑ’ԑra ba do la sadotɔ zuo. Pooren buno boi la saazuon gana sԑba ti ba ŋmԑ’ԑra la. Bunŋmԑ’ԑla bayi w aba tari la nu’usi bayi ma’a ŋmԑ’ԑra. Saŋa zo’e zo’e bunŋmԑ’ԑla ba sԑba ti ba ni ŋmԑ’ԑra: de la "macú" la "sopipa". Bayi la za’a ba dikԑ tiisi n tari yogero gee kpԑ’ԑm maalԑ ba, yiadaana ba ni gã la tiŋa gee wa’ara, ina de wasԑka n kãreke gee mԑ dԑna bunŋmԑ’ԑla se’em n tari vuure; n de "Sopipa" se’em n pɔ’ԑ gee mԑ ana suŋa, bani dikԑ n yԑ la bɔgerɔ bii ba dikԑ naba mikԑ n gee nyaa ŋmԑ’ԑra.

Yelesi’a ti ba ni dikԑ pa’asԑ bunŋmԑ’ԑla la puan gee ŋmԑ’ԑra de la "taba" la "mazacalla", ti ni ta’am dikԑ pa’asԑ bini: n de "quijada", la "quisanche", kelum ta pa’asԑ "chinesco”. Argentine Candombe de la nuure ti ba tara ita e, ba za’a waabi ba ni zi’a la tiŋa bii sadutɔ zuo. Yuuma buuri buuri zo’e mԑ bɔna African tɔgum puan ‘archaic’, Spanish tiŋa puan bii ta pa’asԑ dԑna bayi. Ba ni kɔ’ɔm it aba do la susega (dialogue) gee ba mԑ pa’ala a vuure solo, responsorial, antiphonal bii tigera puan. Gee saŋa saŋa zo’e zo’e pɔgesi n de sԑba n ni yuuna yuuma wa, budaasi mԑ ni ta’am pa’asԑ. Zi’an ti kɔɔsi la nyya ni gana kayima, ba ni lagum ita do la taaba b aka iti yima yima ‘unison’.

Candombe tigera, ni lagum taaba dԑna la Comparsa Lubola (nԑresabepԑԑlega n yuum tari, buuri malema la burnt corks) bii Candombera (nԑresabesi ‘black people’), n lagum dԑna cuerda, pɔgesi n lagum taaba wa’ara de la mulatas, la iteba bii wa’areba zo’e zo’e, wa’ara woo tari la a wa’a. wa’areba wa lagum dԑna la sԑba n gã tilum wa:

·        La Mama Vieja: Ma yaaba ‘Old Mother’.

·        El Gramillero: de Herb doctor. Budabesi kԑkã ‘ancient black man’, yԑ a lɔgerɔ gee voge sapibere la lɔgewogero kԑgesi ‘frock coat’, gee zԑԑra tampɔɔ la tiim.

·        El Escobero: Broomsman, A nari ti a dԑna mina n mi candombero gee tana wa’ara ŋwana suŋa suŋa, sԑba n tuni yele kiresi la de la juggling la sɔɔ.

Ba iti Candombe saŋa saŋa sadotɔ zuto n de old Montevideo's south neighbourhood ti ba ita Ko’oro la Gɔnfuko, Uruguay's Carnival saŋa la puan, la tiŋa la puan za’a waabi. Comparsas duma wa za’a, sԑba puan ti 80 bii 90 n boi tiŋa la puan, ta pa’asԑ Carnival parade tiba yi’ira Las Llamadas (yi’isi "calls") wa’ana la paŋa ti ba lԑgum na’am la nԑresԑba n pugum bɔna la Teatro de Verano theatre. Las Llamadas saŋa la, nԑresԑba n lagum pa’asԑ buuri la puan ni kɔ’ɔm yԑ ba buuri lɔgerɔ la ti la pa’alԑ la ba yuuma la tuusum n ze’ele zi’an la yamesi leebego saŋa la ‘slave trade’, magese wuu yintule saberԑ ‘sun hats’ la sabelega nԑŋa-sobe ‘black face-paint’. Monetary prizes de la modest; tuulum yelesi’a pa’asԑ de la nyԑlum ‘enjoyment’, n de fostering n de yԑm n de karembaani ‘pride’ gee kelum nyԑta yaŋere ze’eta nԑreba zi’isum ‘peers’. Wa’asi zo’e zo’e ta’am dikԑ daaŋɔ paԑ nԑra ziim ‘red blood cells’, se’em n lilikere dԑna rust-colored urine ŋmԑ’a pooren nuu

Bise kalam pa’asԑ (See also)

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·        Afro-Uruguayan

·        Afro-Argentine

·        Music of Uruguay Uruguay yuuma

·        Culture of Uruguay Uruguay buuri malema

·        Argentine tango

·        Music of Argentina

·        Culture of Argentina Argentina buuri malema

·        Murga

·        Rubén Rada

·        Jaime Roos

·        Mariana Ingold

·        Tina Ferreira

Viisegɔ lɔgerɔ

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