Noria

Ze'ele Wikipiidiya
Noria
Subclass ofscoop wheel Demese
Part ofirrigation system Demese
CountryIraq Demese
Country of originIraq Demese
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, National List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Iraq Demese
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01694, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01694, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01694 Demese

Noria (Arabic: ناعورة, nā‘ūra, plural نواعير nawāʿīr, from Syriac: ܢܥܘܪܐ, nā‘orā, lit. "growler" ) de la "hyropowered scoop" walega ti ba tara zɛkera ko'om ita "aqueduct", ti ba tara kɔɔra bii suŋera  tinkara bii timbibesi.

Yu'urɛ la di vuurɛ[demese | demesego zia]

"Etymology"[demese | demesego zia]

Solemiine yelebire  noria dikɛ ze'ele la Spanish noria ze'ele Arabic nā‘ūra (ناعورة), sɛka n wa'am na ze'ele Arabic itegɔ yelebire puan ti di vuurɛ dɛna "groan" bii "grunt", la yele la voole la ti a maalɛ la ka san lɛbegera.[1][2] n

Noria voole

Saŋa: 32 sɛkɛnsi.0:32 n

oria voole d

Daaŋɔ n boi fu san ŋmi'ira faali kuna? Nyɛ miidiya suŋerɛ.

Noria " versus saqiyah"

Yu'urɛ noria ni kɔ'ɔm tara tuna bɔ'ɔra la lɔgerɔ sɛba n tari paŋa tuna vuta ko'om ti la ŋmɛregɛ wiilɛ.[3] lɔgerɔ n tari dusi paŋa, saŋa woo yelemɛŋerɛ de la "sayiqah bii saqiya".[4] Lɔgeseto buuri n ŋwɔni taaba la pu mɛ n boi " chain pumps " yu'ura. Se'em ma'a, ko'om buuri la yu'ura zɛkerɛ lɔgerɔ ti ba tara tuna n boi Middle East, India la Spain la zi'isi asi'a ni kɔ'ɔm tara tuna mɛ "loosely and overlapping", bii bɔta tɔka tɔka n boi tiŋa la puan. Al-Jazari's gɔŋɔ sɛka ti ba mina n boi " mechanical " lɔgerɔ, magesɛ wuu,  tigera ti ko'om la zɛ'ɛta wiilɛ la yɛla buuri zo'e zo'e n boi "general term" saqiya.[5][6] Spain puan, yɛla n sɔi la, noria tuni bɔ'ɔra la walega ayi buuri la, ka san pugum tuna bɔ'ɔra la dusi bii ko'om nananewa.[7]

Tuunɛ[demese | demesego zia]

Saŋa: 9 sɛkɛnsi. 0.09 "Hydrographic" pa'alemɛŋerɛ sɔɔleŋa n lɛm la diimi noria n boi "barrio" n boi "La Montana, Aranjuez. Noria la tuni la kozotemo tuuma zɛ'ɛta tiŋa nuurɛ ta paara saazuo, tara la pansɛka ti ba nyɛ zɛ'ɛta kulega la n zoti la puan tuna.[8] ku kɔ'ɔm bɔna mɛ la kokãtɛ walega sɛka " rim" n boi la "container" zo'e zo'e bii "compartments" sɛka n zɛgeri ko'om zɛ'ɛta kulega  puan kina "aqueduct" n boi walega la saazuo. Ka aŋa la ŋwɔni me la nananewa "hydraulic ram", sɛka n me n le tara kozotumo paŋa kina bɔ'ɔra ko'om la basɛba yɛsera kulega la puan. [9]

La n ka ŋwɔni la ko'om walega n boi ko'om banɛgesi, noria ka bo'ori " mechanical "paŋa yelese'ere n boi puan.  Noria yelemɛŋerɛ basɛba n yuum boi de la " hybrids ", tara la ko'om-waleŋa suŋɛ la buyi saŋa puan la dusi paŋa. Yelesi'a n kɔ'ɔm mina la ayima zi'an ti noria dita kulega ko'om n boi yaarummi.

Ka diimi yɛla[demese | demesego zia]

A noria zɔi n boi Erlangen n boi Southern Germany, n boi Regnitz kulegan.

Medieval Albolafia noria n boi Cordoba, Spain ( waleŋa la kamiŋa  ba yuum maalɛ ka la 20th century) n kelum bɔna la.

"Paddle-driven" ko'om zɛkerɛ waleŋa n niɛ n boi kuremi Egypt la "4th century BC.[10] John Peter Oleson , " compartmented wheel " la "hydraulic" noria niɛ n boi Egypt la 4th "century BC, la saqiyah ti ba maalɛ bilam " a century " pooren. "archeological finds" n boi Faiyum n yuum suŋɛ ka, zi'an ti "archeological" kɛka pa'alemɛŋerɛ  n boi ko'om waleŋa yuum ta nyɛ la, saqiyah puan dabesa pooren wɛ'ɛsera  3rd "century BC" gee me kelum nyɛ n boi Faiyum yi ko'om waleŋa  ti ba tara kɔɔra uunɛ, 2nd "century BC fresco" n nyɛ n boi Alexandria "depicts" "compartmented" saqiyah, la Callixenus n boi Rhodes yi saqiyah tuunɛ n boi Ptolemaic kingdom reign of Pharaoh Ptolemy IV Philopator n boi pooren 3rd "century BC la puan la.[11]

Ko'om la n kɔ'ɔm bɔna la la ko'om walega, dusi la ko'om zi'an siyi la za'a, la ziim n tari de'eŋo zi'an (Latin tympanum) bii " compartmented rim", Hellenistic "engineers n daa dikɛ ba tuna ze'ele 3rd la 2nd " century " BC la tiŋasuka.[12] 1st "century" BC la puan, Roman "architect Vitruvius" pa'alɛ ni noria tuunɛ.[13] 300 bɔba, Romans yuum dikɛ ka dɔɔrɔ "compartments" la "attached ceramic" dukɔ yima yima bana n yuum lu bɔna yiŋa on boi "open-framed wheel", bilam nyaa maala noria. [14]

Islam salema yuuma saŋa puan, noria yuum to'e la dabesa n boi zi'an la tiŋasuka la Maalam duma " engineers.[15] Mina n nyɛ suŋerɛ bo noria. (14)[16] Magesɛ wuu, "flywheel" fita  dikɛ paŋa bo'olum la basɛ mɛ ze'ele lɔgerɔ tukere ta paɛ masin tukere, ibn Bassal (fl.3038-1075) n boi al-Andalus n maalɛ ka. Mina n tari "pioneered" flywheel tuuma n ani se'em n boi noria la saqiyah.[17] n boi 1206, Ismail al-Jazari n dikɛ pa'alɛ  carank tuunɛ n boi noria la saqiya, la puti'irɛ yɛsera mina n miŋa suŋa suŋa yuum yele mɛ yɛsera vuurɛ la puan ti ba pa'asɛ ba suŋa suŋa.

Maalam "engineer" duma tari la noria ki'isera ko'om n boi b"aqueduct " sɛba n tari ko'om kina tiŋa puan la zi'isi.[18] Hama noria la, magesɛ wuu, mita 20 (66 ft) n boi "diameter" gee me kelum tara tuna n boi yɔɔma saŋa (La de la nananewa ma'a n tari putĩ’irɛ sɛka n wan iŋɛ suŋa suŋa). Walega katɛ la tari la 120 ko'om lageŋɔ zi'isi gee me ta'am wan zɛkɛ ko'om gaŋɛ litesi (litres) 95 mita woo.[19] 10th "century" la puan, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi's Al-Hawi yuum pa'alɛ ti noria n boi Irag la ta'am zɛkɛ la litesi (litres) 153,000 paɛ gogo woo, litesi 2550 mita woo. dina ŋwɔni mɛ la zina norias n boi East Asia, sɛka n wan ta'am zɛkɛ paɛ litesi 2880,000 gogo woo puan, bii litesi 4800 mita woo puan.[20]

13th "century" si'a n tole la Marinid Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf mɛ noria karegɛ mɛ, saŋa kasɛka ni yi'ira e mɛ ti"Grand Noria " se'em ma'a ti ba wan ta'am nyɛ ko'om  bo Vast Mosara Garden ti a maalɛ la n boi Fez, Morroco.[21] Ba pɔsɛ mɛ ka la  1286 gee ti ba yuum ba'asɛ ka yuunɛ sɛka n tagelɛ la.[22] Noria la, ti Andalusian "engineer maalɛ ti Ibn al-Hajj sigɛ ka yu'urɛ la, ti ma makɛ ka 26 mita n boi " diameter la 2 mita yalegera puan. (20):68[23] Ba yuum dikɛ la dɔɔrɔ maalɛ walega la la gee kɔ'ɔm pi me la "copper", biŋe ka la kugere naaŋa/aŋa gee " adjoined " mɛ n boi tinkatɛ sɛka n tagele la kulegan.Marinids n yuum ta sige la pooren, "garden" la, la noria bayi la za'a yuum ta zagesɛ mɛ; 'noria' walega la n daa sakeri la ta bɔregɛ mɛ n boi 1888, Kugekatɛ la ma'a n kɔ'ɔm wee bini.(29):98

Noria duma zo'e zo'e la yuum mɛ mɛ n boi Al-Andalis, Islamic saŋa n de 'Iberian Peninsula (8th-15th "centuries") duma yuunɛ la puan, gee ti Sɔputesi "Christian Spanish" inginiya (engineer) me le tɔkɛ mɛ ka pooren.[24] Nɛreba n ba'am mina de la Albolafia n boi Cordoba (Dabesa aŋa n ka pa'alɛ, zina ma'a n tari dabeserɛ pa'asɛ), Guadalquivir kulega la zi'an, la noria kɛka n boi Toledo, Tagus kulega la zi'an. (21) al-Idrisi yele yeti Toledo noria yuum kɔ'ɔm karegɛ mɛ gee ta'am wan zɛkɛ ko'om ze'ele kulegan ta paɛ aqueduct gaŋɛ "meters" 40 n boi zuen, kaŋa n nyaa bo'ori  tiŋa la duma ko'om. [25] Norias la lɔgerɔ n ŋwɔni yuum lagum tara tuna mɛ n boi "vast scale" n boi Spain agiriki tuuma n boi zi'isi asi'a. Mui sɛlega n boi Valencia yuum kɔ'ɔm ta paɛ la 8000 noria duma, gee ti Mallorca me tara gaŋɛ 4000 dusi zo'e zo'e zi'an Saqiyas sɛba n tari ni tɔɔŋa ta paɛ 20th "century" pɔsega la.[26] Alcantarilla Noria n pɔri Murcia, noria mɛa n boi 15th "century" n boi Spanish yimpu'usegɔ wara, de la makerɛ sɛka ti ba mina ti ba vo'e ta paɛ zina wa.(22)

Viisegɔ lɔgerɔ[demese | demesego zia]

  1. ↑ Castro-García, Miguel (2015-03-01). "Technical and functional analysis of Albolafia waterwheel (Cordoba, Spain): 3D modeling, computational-fluid dynamics simulation and finite-element analysis". Energy Conversion and Management 92: 207–214. DOI:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.12.047. ISSN 0196-8904.
  2. ↑ Cabrera, Enrique (2010-08-06). Water Engineering and Management through Time: Learning from History (in English). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-83673-6.
  3. ↑ Bjork, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
  4. ↑ Bjork, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
  5. ↑ Kalın, İbrahim (2014). The Oxford encyclopedia of philosophy, science, and technology in Islam. Oxford islamic world encyclopedia series. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935843-4.
  6. ↑ "Miri Shefer-Mossensohn", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-06-13, retrieved 2023-12-15
  7. ↑ Bjork, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
  8. ↑ Bjork, Robert E. (2010). The Oxford dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
  9. ↑ Ancient Discoveries Islamic Science Part2 (in English), retrieved 2023-12-15
  10. ↑ Oleson, John Peter (2008). The Oxford handbook of engineering and technology in the classical world. Oxford: Oxford university press. ISBN 978-0-19-518731-1.
  11. ↑ De Miranda, Adriana (2007). Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels. Studia archaeologica. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7.
  12. ↑ "Noria", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-09-26, retrieved 2023-12-15
  13. ↑ Noria | Ancient, Irrigation & Hydraulic | Britannica (en).
  14. ↑ "Noria", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-09-26, retrieved 2023-12-15
  15. ↑ "Donald Hill", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-08-22, retrieved 2023-12-15
  16. ↑ "Miri Shefer-Mossensohn", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-06-13, retrieved 2023-12-15
  17. ↑ History Of Science And Technology In Islam.
  18. ↑ "Donald Hill", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-08-22, retrieved 2023-12-19
  19. ↑ "History (American TV network)", Wikipedia (in English), 2023-12-14, retrieved 2023-12-19
  20. ↑ Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). A history of engineering in classical and medieval times. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15291-4.
  21. ↑ https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ↑ Bressolette, Henri (2016). À la découverte de Fès. Cultures, éducations et patrimoines. Paris: l'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-09022-1.
  23. ↑ https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=285&lang=en. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ Cabrera, Enrique (2010-08-06). Water Engineering and Management through Time: Learning from History (in English). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-83673-6.
  25. ↑ Miranda, Adriana de (2007). Water Architecture in the Lands of Syria: The Water-wheels (in English). L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7.
  26. ↑ Kalın, İbrahim (2014). The Oxford encyclopedia of philosophy, science, and technology in Islam. Oxford islamic world encyclopedia series. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935843-4.
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