Olonkho
| Subclass of | epic poem, epic literature  |
|---|---|
| Indigenous to | Yakuts |
| Country of origin | Russia |
| Intangible cultural heritage status | Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity |
| Described at URL | https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00145, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00145, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00145 |
Olonkho (Yakut duma yi'ire n la: Олоҥхо IPA /oloŋχo/, Russian duma me yi'ira e: Олонхо́) A de la se’em n tari (Yakut heroic epics) duma zo’e zo’e. yelebire wa Olonkho ze’ele bo Yakut epic tiŋa buuri malema za’a gee kelum dԑna nԑra woo la a tɔgum zaaleŋa. Dibeerum sa tɔgum zaaleŋa malema la puan, ba ti’ise ti tɔgum zaaleŋa wa pugum bɔna gee ti northwards migration baŋԑ wa’ana Yakuts 14th century yuuni la puan, dikera Olonkho pa’asa epic tɔgum zaaleŋa bunkԑgese la puan bɔ’ɔra Turkic nԑreba se’em woo n yeem bɔna. Olonkhos duma zo’e me gana kɔbega ti ba gulesi iŋԑ, tɔkԑ ze’ele tusa fii ta paԑ tusa pia gee zuԑ basԑ, ta pa’asԑ la tɔgum zaaleŋa ti ba mina n ti a dԑna Nyurgun Bootur, Swift la tari la beena 36,000 gee zuԑ basԑ.
Europeans duma n yuum pɔsԑ dԑna yia duma gulese Olonkho biŋԑ sansԑka ti Russian duma yuum nyaŋԑ Siberia pɔsera 18th century yuuni la puan. Dɔpigerɔ bunkãra n de epics ti ba yuum pɔsԑ gulesa bigera 19th century yuuni la puan ti ba yuum kiŋԑ ta ki’ira Siberia, kalam ti gɔmena yuum bo karekipa nyɔ’ɔ ti ba yuum kiŋԑ sukuu duma puansin 20th century yuuni la (Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) puan.
[demese | demesego zia]
Yu’ure wa Olonkho ba sira sakerԑ de la a naԑ me la Turkic kԑka wa yelebire wa ölön vuure me kelum dԑna la 'saga,' ba ŋmԑ nukpene ti a naԑ me la Turkish copula ol- (olmak ' se’em n wan wa’ana bɔna la). Gee Buryat epic ontkno de la se’em n naԑ la olonkho.
Yu’ure wa Olonkho ze’ele bo la saga/epic miŋa. Yakut puan, Olonkhohut de la nԑra bii solensɔlena se’em n ni ŋmԑ’ԑra saga, la Olonkholoo itegɔ wa- vuure de la ba de’ena ba.
performance and presentation[demese | demesego zia]
Epics wa yuum kɔ’ɔm pɔsԑ dԑna la tɔgum zaaleŋa, tɔgum zaaleŋa wa kelum bɔna la bala wa paԑ zina wa Sakha Republic tiŋa puan. Solengulesa, yi’ire la Olonkohohut bii Olonkohosut (Yakut: олоҥхоһут), ŋmԑ’ԑra la Olonkhos do la kɔɔsi zo’e zo’e pa’ala yuuma n kini se’em la sũsega la n kini se’em, ta pa’asԑ olonkhohut pa’ala baambaana woo la yuuma zuto n kini se’em do la (tone la melody). Ba tari la archaic tɔgum, tɔgum tɔi, sԑla n ani suŋa la daalum, kelum ta dԑna (metaphor, simile, epithets, la hyperbole).
Olonkho tɔgum zaaleŋa boi la nyima nyima ze’ele tusa fii zom ta paԑ tusa pinaasi (40,000) tɔkԑ tole nԑŋa. Ba ni ŋmԑ Olonkho wa ti zuԑ paԑ la gogo ayopɔi ta paԑ gogo anii (7–8 hours), ba ni pɔsԑ n la zaanuure ta doose yu’uŋɔ tole ta paԑ yu’umpulika, san kana wa puan saŋa la ni kɔ’ɔm dԑna la 7,000 ta paԑ 8,000 beena ti ba tara wa’ara. Longer Olonkho ni ta’am dikԑ zuԑ ŋmarega me.
Ba ni pɔsԑ de’eŋo woo me la tɔgum zaaleŋa itegɔ - basԑba me ni pa’ala la epic me dikԑ la aŋa kana wa taaba nuu. Ba ni yuum me. Ba ni ŋmԑrasa la inya gee tara ba nԑŋa ita pa’ala ni kelum lagum pa’asԑ la ba de’eŋo la puansin.
1930s yuuma la puan, Yakut philologist P.A. Oyunsky yuum dikԑ published collections of Olonkhos duma zo’e zo’e diilԑ peelumi, ba nyaa ni digesi la yԑla wa gulsԑ gɔnɔ ti ba ana suŋa ti ba kãala, ba nyaa dikԑ tɔgum zaalesi wa pub a me ti ba bɔna nyima nyima.
Nyurgun Bootur the Swift[demese | demesego zia]
Nyurgun Bootur de Swift de la se’em ti nԑreba ba’am mina e la ti la zo’e gee me kelum dԑna mina n dikere Olonkhos ti a yԑregara paara zi’a woo tiŋa puan. Yakut tɔgereba zo’e zo’e mi a yele me gee ti ba dikԑ ti a dԑna se’em n pa’asԑ Yakut daalum duma la puan. Ina n de the few Olonkhos duma ayima ti lerege n iŋԑ tɔgum duma zo’e zo’e puan.
Platon Oyunsky's w aba yuum gulese la 1920s la 1930s yuuma la puan. Oyunsky n yuum wa’ana nyalege n sɔlema la pa’asԑ, a pa’asԑ ti Taas kiele ogo, de’emde’enena se’em n tɔgerԑ Yakut yԑla tiŋa wa zuo yԑla ti ba bisera. Yele-ana wa de la yeles’a ti ba saki ti tingɔnɔ batã n boi- tinsԑka n boi saazuon ("yima"), tinsԑka n boi tiŋasuka("nԑreba"), la tinsԑka n boi tingerum ("sutaam duma"). Ba dikԑ n ti la sisego bɔna tise la batã la tiŋasuka, magese wuu tiŋa la ayima san ka nyaŋԑ do la ba buuri malema la suŋa suŋa. Oyunsky's sɔlenma puan, Taas kiele ogo yuum wa’ana dԑna a tɔgԑ pa’alԑ yԑla tiŋa la puan, gee Popova 2018 yuum tari la Oyunsky wa’ana a pa’asԑ ti solene n ani se’em gee tɔgera pa’ala beere yele n boi Sakha.
Vladimir Derzhavin yuum dikԑ la Russian version wa diilԑ peelumi yia 1975 yuuni la puan, gee yuum kelum Russian leregere basԑba bige diilԑ peelumi Egor Sidorov 2012 yuuni puna. Ba yuum pɔsԑ gulese iŋԑ la Solemiini puan, gee yuum le maam lerege Vladimir Derzhavin's Russian tɔgum, nyaa yuum dikԑ basԑ peelumi 1990s yuuni la puan. Oyunsky's tɔgum ba yuum dikԑ iŋԑ la solemiini puan gee yuum dikԑ diilԑ peelumi 2014 yuuni la ti a dԑna Olonkho: Nurgun Botur de Swift. Lerege duma basԑba me de la: Slovak (Miloš Krno, 2012 yuuni la), ti Kyrgyz dԑna (2014 yuuni), gee ti Evenki (Krivoshapkin-Nyimkalan, 1996 tari paԑ 2003). Ba me yuum maalԑ kɔma dinԑ la French puan doose Jankel Karro la Lina Sabaraikina.
A recording of the work by Yakut Gavril Kolesov n yuum gulesi yԑla 1954 yuuni la puan – gogo anii(8 hour) a yuum gulere me la Kolesov gee ti Melodiya me yuum dikԑ diilԑ peelumi 1968 yuuni la puan.
Derivative Works[demese | demesego zia]
Platon Oyunsky n yuum maalԑ Tuyaryma Kuo 1930s yuuni la puan ti a dԑna tɔgum zaaleŋa doose Nyurgun Bootur de Swift – ba yuum pɔsԑ de’em n la 1937 yuuni la puan (Yakut National Theater) tiŋa puan. de’emde’enena la miŋa kɔ’ɔm dԑna la, Tuyaryma Kuo, ni dԑna la pɔka daalum suŋa la a itegɔ.
Sɔlenma itegɔ poorum Yakut ti ba yuum maalԑ Elena Sleptsova-Kuorsunnaakh 2007 yuuni la puan, ti a tara tɔgum zaalesi 201. Ba ŋmԑrege tuune ti a lebe ta ana la cartoon aŋa, Yakut puan, ta pa’asԑ Solemiini la German kɔɔsi ŋɔnɔ.
Tuusum (History)[demese | demesego zia]
Origins of Olonkhos la Sakha[demese | demesego zia]
Olonkho epics p6sega puan puti’irԑ ka ba’am bɔna Yakut tuusum yԑla puan, gee ti a me bɔna zi’a n nyalege Turkic mythology puan. Gee Yakuts (sԑba yaabeduma n ze’ele southern Siberia/central Asia) yuum de la sԑba n yuum ka le pa’asԑ Turkic tiŋa n yuum gee la a paԑ yuum 1000 - Olonkhos duma n de sԑba